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|pop1 = 5–6 million |region2 = |pop2 = 2.8 million〔 |region3 = |pop3 = 194,000–500,000 |region5 = |pop5 = 300,000 |region6 = |pop6 = ~ 260,000 |region7 = |pop7 = ~ 240,000 |region8 = |pop8 = 200,000 |region9 = |pop9 = 200,000 |region10 = |pop10 = 150,000 |region11 = |pop11 = 120,000 |region12 = |pop12 = 80,000 |region13 = |pop13 = 80,000 |region14 = |pop14 = 75,000 |region15 = |pop15 = 70,000 |region16 = |pop16 = 30,000 |region17 = |pop17 = 30,000 |region18 = |pop18 = 30,000 |region19 = |pop19 = 30,000 |region20 = |pop20 = 25,000 |region21 = |pop21 = 18,500 |region22 = |pop22 = 18,000 |region23 = |pop23 = 10,000 |region24 = |pop24 = 10,000 |region25 = |pop25 = 9,000 |region26 = |pop26 = 5,000 |region27 = |pop27 = 4,300 |region28 = |pop28 = 4,000 |region29 = |pop29 = 3,000 |region30 = |pop30 = 3,000 |region31 = |pop31 = 1,000 |langs = ''Historical:'' Yiddish ''Modern:'' Local languages, primarily: English, Hebrew, Russian |rels = Judaism, some secular, irreligious |related = Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Samaritans,〔 Assyrians,〔〔 Kurds,〔http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/study-finds-close-genetic-connection-between-jews-kurds-1.75273〕 Arabs, other Levantines,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews )〕 Italians, Iberians and Greeks }} Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or simply Ashkenazim (, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: (:ˌaʃkəˈnazim), singular: (:ˌaʃkəˈnazi), Modern Hebrew: (:aʃkenaˈzim, aʃkenaˈzi); also ', lit. "The Jews of Germany"),〔Ashkenaz, based on and his explanation of Genesis 10:3, is considered to be the progenitor of the ancient Gauls (the people of Gallia, meaning, from Austria, France and Belgium), and the ancient Franks (of, both, France and Germany). According to Gedaliah ibn Jechia the Spaniard, in the name of ''Sefer Yuchasin'' (see: Gedaliah ibn Jechia, (''Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah'' ), Jerusalem 1962, p. 219; p. 228 in PDF), the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was then called Bohemia, which today is the present-day Czech Republic. These places, according to the Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 1:9 (), were also called simply by the diocese "Germamia". ''Germania'', ''Germani'', ''Germanica'' have all been used to refer to the group of peoples comprising the German Tribes, which include such peoples as Goths, whether Ostrogoths or Visigoths, Vandals and Franks, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi and Alamanni. The entire region east of the Rhine River was known by the Romans as "Germania" (Germany).〕 are a Jewish ethnic division who coalesced as a distinct community of Jews in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the 1st millennium. The traditional language of Ashkenazi Jews consisted of various dialects of Yiddish. They established communities throughout Central and Eastern Europe, which had been their primary region of concentration and residence until recent times, evolving their own distinctive characteristics and diasporic identities.〔Jessica Mozersky, (''Risky Genes: fs, Breast Cancer and Jewish Identity'' ), Routledge 2013 p. 140.: 'this research highlights the complex and multiple ways in which identity can be conceived of by Ashkenazi Jews.'〕 Once emancipated, weaving Jewish creativity into the texture of European life (Hannah Arendt), the Ashkenazi made a "quite disproportionate and remarkable contribution to humanity" (Eric Hobsbawm), and to European culture in all fields of endeavour: philosophy, scholarship, literature, art, music and science.〔Glenda Abramson (ed.), (''Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture'' ), Routledge 2004 p. 20.〕〔T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), (''The Oxford History of Modern Europe'' ), Oxford University Press, 2000 pp. 147–148〕 The genocidal impact of the Holocaust, the mass murder of approximately 6 million Jews during World War II, devastated the Ashkenazi and their Yiddish culture, affecting almost every Jewish family.〔Yaacov Ro'i, "Soviet Jewry from Identification to Identity", in Eliezer Ben Rafael, Yosef Gorni, Yaacov Ro'i (eds.) (''Contemporary Jewries: Convergence and Divergence'' ), BRILL 2003 p. 186.〕〔Dov Katz, "Languages of the Diaspora", in Mark Avrum Ehrlich (ed.), (''Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1'' ), ABC-CLIO 2008 pp. 193ff., p. 195.〕 It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Jewish Population of the World (2010) ), based on 〕 Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million〔 and 11.2 million.〔 Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide.〔 DellaPergola does not analyse or mention the Ashkenazi statistics, but the figure is implied by his rough estimate that in 2000, Oriental and Sephardic Jews constituted 26% of the population of world Jewry.〕 Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide.〔Focus on Genetic Screening Research edited by Sandra R. Pupecki P:58〕 Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry. These diverging conclusions focus particularly on the extent of the European genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Ashkenazi Jews are popularly contrasted with Sephardi Jews, also called Sephardim, who are descendants of Jews from Spain and Portugal (though there are other groups as well). There are some differences in how the two groups pronounce certain Hebrew letters and in points of ritual. ==Etymology== The name ''Ashkenazi'' derives from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, son of Khaphet, son of Noah, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). The name of Gomer has often been linked to the ethnonym Cimmerians. Biblical ''Ashkenaz'' is usually derived from Assyrian ''Aškūza'' (cuneiform ''Aškuzai/Iškuzai''), a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates,〔Russell E. Gmirkin, (''Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch'' ), T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 2006 pp.148, 149 n.57.〕 whose name is usually associated with the name of the Scythians.〔Sverre Bøe, ''Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38–39 as Pre-text for Revelation 19, 17–21 and 20, 7–10'', Mohr Siebeck, 2001 p. 48:' An identification of Ashkenaz and the Scythians must not ... be considered as sure, though it is more probable than an identification with Magog.' Nadav Naʼaman, ''Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction'', Eisenbrauns, 2005 p. 364 and note 37. Jits van Straten, (The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unraveled. ) 2011. p. 182.〕〔Vladimir Shneider, Traces of the ten. Beer-sheva, Israel 2002. p. 237〕 The intrusive ''n'' in the Biblical name is likely due to a scribal error confusing a ''waw'' ו with a ''nun'' נ.〔Sverre Bøe, (''Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38–39 as Pre-text for Revelation 19, 17–21 and 20, 7–10'' ), Mohr Siebeck, 2001 p. 48.〕〔〔Paul Kriwaczek, (''Yiddish Civilisation'' ), Hachette 2011 p. 173 n. 9.〕 In Jeremiah 51:27, Ashkenaz figures as one of three kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni and Ararat, perhaps corresponding to Urartu, called on by God to resist Babylon.〔〔Otto Michel ("Σκύθης" ), in Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromiley, Gerhard Friedrich (eds.) ''Theological Dictionary of the New Testament'', William B. Erdmanns, (1971) 1995 vol. 11, pp. 447–50, p. 448〕 In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as ''Germania'', which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with ''Germania''. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius.〔("Ashkenaz" ) in Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.) Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, Gale Virtual Reference Library, 2007. 569–571. Yoma 10a〕 In the 10th-century ''History of Armenia'' of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia,〔Russell E. Gmirkin, (''Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch'' ), T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 2006 p. 148.〕 as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east.〔Abraham N. Poliak (0 "Armenia" ), in Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds), ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'', 2nd.ed. Macmillan Reference USA Detroit, Gale Virtual Reference Library 2007, Vol. 2, pp. 472–74〕 His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the ''Saquliba'' or Slavic territories,〔David Malkiel, (''Reconstructing Ashkenaz: The Human Face of Franco-German Jewry, 1000–1250'' ) Stanford University Press, 2008 p. 263 n.1〕 and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe.〔 In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical "Ashkenaz" with Khazaria.〔citing Samuel Krauss, "Hashemot ashkenaz usefarad" in ''Tarbiz'', 1932, 3:423–430. Krauss identified Ashkenaz with the Khazars, a thesis immediately disputed by Jacob Mann the following year.〕 Sometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term.〔 In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated ''Sefarad'' (Obadiah 20), France was called ''Tsarefat'' (1 Kings 17:9), and Bohemia was called the ''Land of Canaan''.〔Michael Miller, (''Rabbis and Revolution: The Jews of Moravia in the Age of Emancipation'' ) Stanford University Press,2010 p. 15.〕 By the high medieval period, Talmudic commentators like Rashi began to use ''Ashkenaz/Eretz Ashkenaz'' to designate Germany, earlier known as ''Loter'',〔〔 where, especially in the Rhineland communities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, the most important Jewish communities arose.〔Michael Brenner, (''A Short History of the Jews'' ) Princeton University Press 2010 p. 96.〕 Rashi uses ''leshon Ashkenaz'' (Ashkenazi language) to describe German speech, and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim.〔 Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France.〔Malkiel p. ix〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ashkenazi Jews」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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